Literature Review: Hubungan Antara Riwayat Kelahiran Prematur dengan Tingkat Kecerdasan Intelektual (Intelligence Quotient - IQ) pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.JOIM.2022.006.01.3Abstract
ABSTRACT
Â
Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Several studies have reported that premature babies may have a risk of cognitive problems. Premature babies with gestational age between 32-35 weeks have lower intelligence and poor neuropsychological function at early school age. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the association between preterm birth and the level of Intellectual Intelligence or (IQ) in school-age children. This study used a literature review method. Researcher did research using three databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar with keywords: preterm, IQ (intelligence quotient), intelligence, cognitive, and school-age children. From 19.256 articles, 12 articles were reviewed that met all the criteria. Based on the results of this review study, there is a relationship between degree of prematurities and IQ level. The more immature and the lower the baby's birth weight, is more likely to reduce the level of intelligence and neurological disorders.
Keywords: Prematurity, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), School-age children
Â
ABSTRAK
Â
Prematur didefinisikan sebagai bayi yang lahir hidup sebelum usia kehamilan genap 37 minggu. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa bayi prematur mempunyai risiko masalah kognitif. Bayi prematur dengan usia gestasi 32-35 minggu memiliki inteligensi lebih rendah dan fungsi neuropsikologi buruk di usia sekolah dini dibandingkan dengan bayi aterm. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan antara riwayat kelahiran prematur dengan tingkat kecerdasan intelektual (intelligence quotient - IQ) pada anak usia sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan atau yang sering disebut sebagai literature review. Peneliti melakukan pencarian jurnal pada tiga database yaitu ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar dengan kata kunci: preterm, IQ (intelligence quotient), intelligence, cognitive, dan school-age children. Dari 19.256 jurnal didapatkan 12 jurnal yang memenuhi kriteria dan selanjutnya dilakukan review. Berdasarkan kajian terhadap seluruh literatur tersebut, didapatkan adanya hubungan derajat prematuritas dengan tingkat IQ. Semakin immature dan semakin rendah berat lahir bayi maka semakin besar kemungkinan berkurangnya tingkat kecerdasan dan gangguan neurologik.
Â
Kata Kunci: Prematuritas, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Anak usia sekolah dasarReferences
Liu L., Oza S., Hogan D., Chu Y., Perin J., Zhu J., et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet, 388(10063): 3027-35.
Blencowe H., Cousens S., Oestergaard M., Chou D., Moller A.B., Narwal R., et al. 2012. National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birth. The Lancet, 379 (9832): 2162-72.
Chawanpaiboon S., Vogel J.P., et.al. 2019. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 7 : e37-46.
Jasmine K. 2017. Asuhan Keperawatan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Nutrisi pada Bayi Prematur di Rumah Sakit Lavalette Malang. Karya Tulis Ilmiah. Jurusan Keperawatan Politeknik Kesehatan Malang, Malang.
Aminah A.N. 2019. Kelahiran Prematur Kota Malang Capai 4 Persen. (https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/q17nrp384/kelahiran-prematur-kota-malang-capai-4-persen, diakses 07 April 2020).
WHO. 2018. Preterm Birth. (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth, di akses 07 Februari 2020).
Nugroho T., 2010. Buku Ajar Obstetri untuk Mahasiswa Kebidanan, Nuha Medika, Yogyakarta.
Mariyana R. 2018. Hubungan Riwayat Prematur dengan Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Satu Tahun. Journal Human Care, 3 (3) : 183-188.
Irwanto. 2014. Cognitive And Behavioral Outcomes of School Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm: A Meta-Analysis. Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga/RSUD Dr. Soetomo.
Soubasi V., Velikos K., Michalettou I., Papadopoulou V., Sarafidis K., Nakas C., Drossou-Agakidou V. 2014. PO-0391 Longitudinal development of language skills in premature infants using bayley scales of infant development-iii. effect of parental education. Archives of Disease in Childhood.
Semiun Y., 2006. Kesehatan Mental, Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Marsuki T.S.P., 2014. Kualitas Kecerdasan Intelektual Generasi Pembaru Masa Depan, UB Press, Malang.
Winkel W.S., 2004. Psikologi Pengajaran, Media Abad, Yogyakarta.
Kerr-Wilson C.O., Mackay D.F., Smith G.C.S. Pell J.P. 2011. Meta-analysis of the association between preterm delivery and intelligence. Journal of Public Health, 34 (2) : 209-216.
Ismiani D.T. 2010. Perbedaan Inteligensi Antara Anak yang Lahir Tepat Waktu Dengan Anak Lahir yang Prematur. Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang.
Denney A. S. dan Tewksburry R. 2013. How to write a literature review. Journal of criminal justice education, 24 (2).
Swarjana I.K., 2015. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan (edisi revisi), Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.
Anggito A. dan Setiawan J., 2018. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, CV Jejak, Sukabumi.
Jong M.D, Verhoeven M., Baar A.L.V. 2012. School Outcome, Cognitive Functioning, and Behaviour Problems in Moderate and Late Preterm Children and Adults: A Review. Seminar in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 17: 163-169.
Vohr B. 2013. Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants. Clin Perinatol, 40(4): 739–51.
Murray S.R., Shenkin S.D., Mclntosh K., Lim J., Grove B., Pell J.P. 2017. Long term cognitive outcomes of early term (37-38 weeks) and late preterm (34-36 weeks) births: A systematic review. Wellcome Open Research, 2 (101): 1-16.
Chan E., Leong P., Malaouf R. 2016. Long-term cognitive and school outcomes of late-preterm and early-term births: a systematic review. Child Care Health Dev, 42 (3): 297-312.
Bos A.F., Roze E. 2011. Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Preterm Infants. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53 (4): 35-39.
Hutchinson E.A., Luca C.R.D., Doyle L.W., Roberts G., Anderson P.J. 2013. School-age Outcomes of Extremely Preterm or Extremely Low Birth Weight Children. 131 (4): 1053-1059.
Arx P.H., Gloor N.P., Brand S., Albert D., Trachsler E.H., Grob A., Weber P. 2014. In School-Age Children Who Were Born Very Preterm Sleep Efficiency Is Associated with Cognitive Function. Neuropsychobiology, 70:244-252.
Heeren T., Joseph R.M., Allred E.N., O’Shea T.M., Leviton A., Kuban K.C.K. 2017. Cognitive Functioning at The Age of 10 Years Among Children Born Extremely Preterm: A Latent Profile Approach. Pediatric Research, 82 (4).
Kuperus N., Aarnoudse-Moens C. S. H., Van Goudoever J. B., and Oosterlaan J., 2009. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low-birth-weight children. Pediatrics, 124: 717–728.
Anwar F., Briawan D., Rahayu W.P., Sumiati, Purwaningsih S., 2018. Pangan dan Gizi untuk Kesehatan dan Kesehjateraan Masyarakat, IPB Press, Bogor.
Cheong J.L.Y., Anderson P.J., Burnett A.C., Roberts G., Davis N., Hickey L., et al. 2017. Changing Neurodevelopments at 8 Years in Children Born Extremely Preterm Since the 1990s. Pediatrics, 139 (6).
Ching M.W., Pascoe L., Doyle L.W., Anderson P.J. 2014. Effects of correcting for prematurity on cognitive test scores in childhood. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health.
Odd D.E., Emond A., Whitelaw A. 2012. Long-term Cognitive Outcomes of Infants Born Moderately and Late Preterm. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54: 704-709.
Qasemzadeh M.J., Pirnia S.A., Mohebi A., Ebrahim S.M., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimi H. et al. 2013. Correlation of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of Children Younger than 12 Years old with History of Preterm Birth. Galen Medical Journal, 2 (3): 120-125.
Smirni D. 2020. The Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices in Healthy Children: A Quality Approach. Brain Sci, 10: 1-12.
